Advertisement Advertising Effectiveness Advertising free essay sample

This proposal has been presented for examination with my approval as a supervisor officially appointed by Edgerton University. Mr.. Cache Department of Literature, Languages and Linguistics Abstract Advertising has played a major role in consumer marketing, and has enabled companies to meet communication and other marketing objectives. Typically, advertising is used to inform, persuade, and remind consumers. It importantly reinforces their attitudes and perceptions. Advertising has been a target of criticism for decades. Advertising has been hailed as a capitalistic virtue, an engine of free market economy, and a promoter of consumer elf.Advertising may be defined as the process of buying sponsor-identified media space or time in order to promote a product or an idea. The American Marketing Association, Chicago, has defined advertising as any form of non-personal presentation or promotion of ideas, goods or services, by an identified sponsor. 1. 2 Statement of the problem The importance of this study is to bring in to focus the positive and negative effects of the process of advertising among the consumer nation. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertisement: Advertising Effectiveness Advertising or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Generally, advertising is a relatively low-cost method of conveying selling messages to numerous prospective customers.It can secure leads for salesmen and middlemen by convincing readers to request more information and by identifying outlets handling the product. It can force middlemen to stock the product by building consumer interest. It can help train dealers salesmen in product uses and applications. It can build dealer and consumer confidence in the company and its products by building familiarity. 1. 3 Objectives The objectives of this study will be to: 1. Determine the degree to which advertising impacts to the consumers. 2. Establish aspects of the advertising sector. 3. Determine the effects of advertising (both positive and negative). . 4 Research Questions The research questions of this study will be: * What advertising is * What is included in an advertisement * What is excluded in an advertisement * Objectives of advertising * Positive effects of advertisements * Negative effects of advertisements 1. 5 Significance of the study The study will be significant in highlighting the effects of advertising on the society 1. 6 Scope Of the study The study on the effectiveness of advertising on the consumer behavior in the society in relation to the positive and negative effects will be conducted inEdgerton university Nassau Town Campus, along Nassau-Older Highway in Nassau County. The researcher will mostly focus on the students who are aged between 20 and 25 years of age. 1. 7 Limitations of the study A small budget and time constraints limited the researcher to a smaller geographical area. 1. 8 Definition of Terms Advertisement is a mass communicating of information intended to persuade buyers to buy products with a view to maximizing a companys profits. CHAPTER 2 2. 1 Literature Review All advertising efforts are directed mainly towards the achievement of business, marketing and advertising objectives I. , to increase the sales turnover and thus to market the maximum profit. The advertiser spends lots of money into this advertising activity. In the background of all these efforts, is an attempt to attract the customer towards the product through advertising. As soon as the advertising campaign is over, a need is generally arisen to measure the effectiveness of the campaign. Whether, it has achieved the desired results I. E. Desired sales profitability or results in terms the change in customer behavior in favor of the companys product which will naturally, affect the future sale of the product.In order to measure the effectiveness of advertising copy, two types of tests pre tests and post tests- can be undertaken. Pre tests are generally conducted in the beginning of the creation process or at the end of creation process or production stage. There are several pre and post tests techniques to measure the effectiveness of the advertising copy. The effectiveness of advertising in a particular media may also be measured in any of the following ways (a) By giving different addresses to different media, (b) Different newspapers may be selected for advertisements of different apartments, (c) Coupon blank etc. May be provided with the advertisement or (d) Enquiry from consumers should mention the name of the source of information. The technique is known as keying the advertising. Thus in measuring the effectiveness of advertising we include measuring of the effectiveness of advertising campaign, advertising copy and the effectiveness of individual media. 2. 2 Theoretical Framework METHODS OF MEASURING ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS Advertising is aimed at improving the sales volume of a concern so its effectiveness can be evaluated by its impact on sales.Most Of the managers live that the advertisement directly affects the sales volume and hence they evaluate the effectiveness of the advertising campaign by the increase in the sales volume. There may be two types measures (I) Direct measures: and (ii) Indirect measures:- (1) Direct Measures of Advertising Effectiveness Under direct measures, a relationship between advertising and sales is established. A comparison of sales of two periods or two periods or two markets may be done and the corresponding changes may be noted. The following are some of the methods that are generally used in measuring that advertising effects. ) Historical Sales Method Some insights into the effectiveness of past advertising may be obtained by measuring the relationship between the advertising expenditure and the total sales of the product. A multiple regression analysis of advertising expenditure and sales over several time periods may be calculated. It would show how the changes in advertising expenditure have corresponding changes in sales volume. This technique estimates the contribution that advertising has made to explaining in a co relational manner rather than a casual sales, the variation in sales over the time periods covered in the study (b) ExperimentalControl The other measure of advertising effectiveness is the method of experimental control where a casual relationship between advertising and sales is established. This method is quite expensive when related to other advertising effectiveness measures yet it is possible to isolate advertising contribution to sales. Moreover this can be done as a pre-test to aid advertising in choosing between alternative creative designs. Media schedules expenditure levels or some combination of these advertising decision areas.One experimental approach to measuring the sales effectiveness of advertising is test racketing. (I) Before-after with Control Group Design This classic design uses several test and control cities in this design two types of cities are selected. Cities in which advertising campaigns are affected may be named as test cities and other cities may be called central cities. First of all, the normal sales level is calculated for both type of cities prior to advertising campaign, and then the advertising campaign is presented to the test cities and not the central cities.The effect of advertising campaign, can then, be measured by subtracting the amount of post campaign figure of sale from the re campaign sale figures in test cities (ii) Multivariate Experimental Designs While the experimental design discussed above yields a reasonably accurate estimate of the effects of the advertising on sales, it is not successful in explaining the success or failure of the campaign itself. Multivariate designs Produce these explanations and are, therefore used by some very large firm because of their diagnostic value. The power of this multivariate factorial design is explained by G.H. Brown, former Fords Director of Marketing Research. For any single medium, eight possible geographic areas have been exposed and eight have not been exposed. Thus, in this experimental model it is possible to evaluate how each individual medium behaves alone and in all possible to evaluate how each individual medium behaves alone and in all possible combinations with other media. (2) Indirect Measures As it is very difficult to measure the direct effect of advertising on companys profits or sales, most firms rely heavily on indirect measures. These measures do not evaluate the effects of advertisements directing on sales or profits but all other factors such as customer awareness or attitude or customer recall of advertising message affect the sales or profits or goals of the business indirectly. Despite the uncertainties about the relationship between the intermediate effects of advertising and the ultimate results, there is no other alternative but to use indirect measures. The most commonly used measures are (I) Exposure to Advertisement In order to be effective, the advertisement must gain exposure.The management is concerned about the number of target audiences who see or hear the organization message set in the advertisement. Without exposure, advertisement is bound to failure. Marketers or advertisers may obtain an dead of exposure generated by the medium by examining its circulation or audience data which reveal the number of copies of the magazine, newspaper or journal sold the number of persons passing the bill boards or riding in transit facilities, or the number of persons living in the televising or radio listening area, and the number of persons switching on their T. V. ND radio sets at various points of time. This number can be estimated by interviewing the numbers of the audience for different media. (ii) Attention or Recall of Advertising Message Content This is one of the widely used measures of advertising results. Under this measure, a recall of the message content among a specified group or groups or prospective customers is measured within 24 hours of the exposure of the advertisement. Attention value is the chief quality of the advertising copy the advertisements cannot be said to be effective unless they attract the attention of the target consumers.There are two methods for evaluating the attention getting value of the advertisements. One is pre-test and the other is post-test. In a pre-test evaluation, the consumers are asked to indicate the extent to which they recognize or recall the advertisement, they have already en. This test is conducted in the laboratory setting. Here consumers read, hear or listen to the advertisement and then researchers ask question regarding the advertisement just to test the recall and then evaluate it.In post-test method, the consumers are asked questions about the indication of recognition or recall after the advertisement has been run. These measures assume that customers can recall or recognize what they have viewed or listened to. Various mechanical devices are being used in the western countries which provide indices of attention such as eye-camera etc. (iii) Brand Awareness The marketers who rely heavily on advertising often appraise its effectiveness by measuring the customers awareness about the particular product or brand. The assumption of this type of measure is that there is a direct relationship between the advertisements and the awareness. This type of measure is also subject to the same criticisms as is applicable to direct measures of effectiveness (sales measures because awareness is also not the direct result of the advertisements. It is also affected by many other factors. But, for new products, changes in awareness can often be attributed to the influence of advertising. (iv) Comprehension Consumers generally use advertisements as a means of obtaining information about the product, brand or the manufacturer.They cannot be informed unless they comprehend the message (grasp the message mentally and understand it fully). Various tests for valuating comprehension are available One is recall tests an indicator of comprehension because it is evident that consumers recall what they comprehend. Another measure of the variable is to ask questions about subjects how much they have comprehended a message they have recently heard or seen. One may employ somewhat imprecise test of the comprehension of a newspaper and radio advertisement.One may ask typical target consumers from time to time such questions like what did you think of our new commercial? And Did it get the message across? The answers of these questions will provide sufficient insight into advertising decision making. (v) Attitude Change Since advertising is considered to be one way of influencing the state of the mind of the audience towards a product, service or organization, the results are very often measured in terms of attitudes among groups exposed to advertising communication.Several measures are used ranging from asking the questions about willingness to buy the likelihood of buying to the measurement of the extent to which specific attributes (such as modern or new) are associated with a product. (vi) Act ion One objective of advertisement may be assumed to be to stimulate action or behavior. The action or intention to take an action may be measured on the intention to buy measuring instrument. Under this type of measure, consumers are asked to respond why they are interested in purchasing the product or brand. One type of action that advertisers attempt to induce is eying behavior.

Facing the Worst

Facing the Worst Facing the Worst Facing the Worst By Maeve Maddox The English word face may be used as either a noun or a verb, as illustrated by these citations from the Oxford English Dictionary: The skullis divided into two parts, the Cranium and the Face. (noun) He faced his critics head-on andleft with his dignity intact. (verb) As a transitive verb, face means, â€Å"to show a brave or strong face to; to meet (danger, an enemy, or anything unpleasant) face to face; to oppose with confidence or defiance; to confront and deal with.† As a transitive verb used either as a main verb or in its -ing form, face requires an object: You face a difficult decision, and you must deal with it. (direct object: â€Å"a difficult decision†) The most common problem facing poor households is late payment of rent or utilities. (direct object: â€Å"poor households†) Some common expressions with the verb face are: face the consequences/ face the music: to receive the unpleasant results (often punishment) of one’s actions. Japan tells world to stand up to China or face consequences Labour calls for Brownlee to face the music face the facts: confront the truth of a situation. Time to face the facts on immigration In some expressions, face is used as a phrasal verb: face up to: accept the existence of a difficult situation. He needs to face up to his past. face off: engage in a direct confrontation or contest. GOP Assembly candidates to face off in August 12 primary Because I’m used to seeing facing used transitively, with a direct object, I was surprised to encounter this use of facing followed by an adverb phrase: Katniss, like many of her dystopian YA counterparts, faces a conflict larger than man vs. nature – shes man vs. man,  facing against an oppressive government. More idiomatic usage would be, â€Å"facing an oppressive government,† or â€Å"fighting against an oppressive government.† I found similar usage in two comments relating to popular music: I believe that Wish Upon a Blackstaris about the struggle greed brings to the world, and facing against the oppression caused by it. Songs that follow, like Corrupted and [the] album closer Invincible, continue the theme of defiance and facing against oppression in whatever forms they may appear. Facing is often followed by against in the context of facing traffic: You  must not park on a road at night facing against the direction of the traffic flow. If there is no sidewalk and you have to  walk  on the road,  walk facing against traffic. In any other context, following facing with against strikes my ear as unidiomatic: Any tips for facing against the Nova matchup? Ancelotti on facing against Manchester United Tired of facing against Shaman bots A few more expressions with the verb face: face up to: accept that a difficult situation exists. Labour must face up to its past mistakes. face head on: confront a problem directly and openly. Japan will face the robotic jobocalypse head-on, by mastering robots before they master us. face into: turn directly toward something. It’s cold as you face into the wind. face down: to confront someone or something boldly and bravely. Austria to face down World Bank over burning bondholders. face forward: to direct one’s focus to the future. I was deeply impressed that, despite all of your difficult experiences, you embody such passion to face forward and build the future together. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?3 Types of HeadingsPreposition Mistakes #3: Two Idioms

The manufacturing and service operations, their differences, and the Essay

The manufacturing and service operations, their differences, and the operation processes and systems that may be common to the two - Essay Example The quality of a service is realized when it consumed and this quality is quickly lost if the service is not received as fast as possible (Artige Company, 2005). It is almost difficult to provide or claim ownership of a service. Rather, it can just be lent temporarily. A product can be a physical item (goods), non-tangible items (services), or a combination of both the categories. Manufacturing operations involves creation of goods whereas service operations involve creation and delivery of services to consumers. A number of differences occur between the operations in the service industry and those in the manufacturing industry, which translate to a difference in some operation management techniques. Firstly, the service industry is labor-intensive (Zhou, Park & Yi, 2009) as it involves many manual processes characterized by interaction between human beings. This is contrary to the manufacturing processes where most functions are mechanized. As such, it is difficult to use standardiz ed and automated systems to improve operational efficiency in service industry (Zhou, Park & Yi, 2009). Besides, the employees have their own preferences and different processes may require varying amount of labor at a given time. This calls for a more integrated system for scheduling and control. The service industry is characterized by simultaneous production and consumption of the service products (Abilla, 2010; Zhou, Park & Yi, 2009). In manufacturing process, the goods are manufactured at some earlier dates and some lead-time is created in readiness for risks and uncertainties that may be encountered in future. The buffer is not possible in the service industry, which will just apply a Just-In-Time (JIT)... This paper illustrates that business organizations are engaged in the creation of products to be offered to their clients. These products can be good or services or a combination of both. Effective development of these products requires operations management, which is concerned with the ‘design, and management of products, processes, services, and supply chains’. Operations management will entail all the processes involved in obtaining these resources, their development, and final usage by the organization. The roles in operations management take different dimensions. Strategic roles involve making some long-term operations plan for the organization, especially at the onset of a given business project. Operations management applies for both a manufacturing company and a service company. A manufacturing operations manager may be required to determine the size of a manufacturing plant and its convenient location. Similarly, an operations manager may be required to determin e the appropriate type of service to be provided and to develop the technology supply chain that will be used. OM also involves tactical roles like choosing on the appropriate resources that are to be used in a given operation. Operational roles like inventory management, quality control and inspection, or production scheduling and control are the other category of operations management. The service processes are not that distinct from the manufacturing processes and some of the operations management roles applicable in manufacturing can be extended to the service industry.

Economic Order and Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Economic Order and Democracy - Essay Example For this reason especially, experiments with various kinds f worker ownership have increased sharply in the United States in the past two decades as a response to the problems f capital flight, runaway shops, bureaucratic waste in the managerial sector, and industrial decline. In the Progressive era, when theologians such as Rauschenbusch and Temple made the case for economic democracy, there were few examples f cooperative ownership or decentralized social ownership to which they could point. But today there are thousands f worker-owned firms in the United States and, though they have been characteristically slow in rising to the challenge, many American unions have begun to bargain for worker ownership, worker control over pension funds, and worker management rights. These developments are not yet, but have the potential to become, the building blocks f a genuine movement for economic democracy. (Krimerman 1-4) The Mondragon cooperatives in the Basque region f Spain offer one instructive example f economic democracy at work. In the 1950s a Catholic priest, Jose Maria Arizmendi, inspired a group f students to launch a cooperative stove factory (Ulgor) that quickly grew into a network f foundries incorporated as agricultural cooperatives. Mondragon has since grown into a highly successful and diversified network f worker-owned enterprises that are democratically managed on the basis f cooperative membership. Between 1966 and 1975, sales rose from $47 million to $336 million, and in the 1980s Mondragon became Spain's largest exporter f durable goods. In over forty years, it has witnessed only two closings. The Mondragon cooperatives employ over 100,000 workers in an integrated network f more than 125 financial, industrial, and service companies in virtually every economic sector, including robots and mass transit. Mondragon contains over 75 industrial firms, an agricultural cooperative, five schools, a technical college, and a central bank -- the Caja Laboral Popular -- which is half-owned by its own employees and half-owned by other cooperatives. Founded in a church basement in 1958, the Caja Laboral Popular has become a bank with $2 billion in assets that specializes in making loans to cooperative firms and providing industry-specific consulting assistance. Each Mondragon worker/owner holds one share f voting stock, and profits are distributed in the form f additions to a capital account on which 6 percent interest is paid annually. Seventy percent f annual profits are distributed to worker/owners on the basis f salary scale and seniority, 10 percent are donated to charity, and the remaining 20 percent are reinvested. Because the network's worker/owners cannot withdraw money from their capital accounts until they retire, Mondragon is able to make long-term investments in expansion, diversification, research and development, and reinvestment from its accumulated capita l stock. [TM] The Mondragon network consistently outperforms comparable capitalist enterprises throughout Europe, and thus demonstrates that worker empowerment and cooperation can be turned into economic advantages. Without question, the cultural variables are daunting; it is difficult to imagine how a similarly integrated network f pure-form cooperatives could be established in individualistic

Emotional intellegince Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emotional intellegince - Research Paper Example Human capital plays pivotal role in business organizations and in their success. In today’s fiercely competitive business contexts, human capital and effectively managing this high-valued resource have become major corporate strategies that affect competitive advantage (Hall, 2008). Human capital is the sum total of knowledge, skills, talents, experience, wisdom and other personal as well as professional qualities that people in the organization possess and utilize for the organization’s purposes. HR roles and functions have been evolving tremendous changes from being fundamentally administrative to making strategic decisions regarding choosing right talents for right tasks. Jarrel (2012) emphasized that focusing on the emotional intelligence of people in the organization has become another change that the HR field has witnessed very recently. It was because those employees who showed high emotional intelligence have influenced others around them positively rather than negatively. Why emotional intelligence matters in the workplace is because the way people affect others in the same workplace is an important matter to affect the effectiveness of leadership, teamwork, collaboration, knowledge sharing, organizational learning and so on. For instance, transformational or charismatic leaders are those who influence their subordinates by identifying their needs and taking positive ways to meet their requirements. Stough, Saklofske and Parker (2009) are of the view that leadership effectiveness is closely linked to the levels of emotional intelligence of the leader. With a view to achieve highest level of emotional intelligence in the workplace, human resource management adopts selective hiring and training and development program to ensure that their workforce would demonstrate EI competencies. By using Hendrie Weisinger’s Emotional Intelligence assessment tool, I found that my overall EI level was above the average, with a point of 84. The levels of self

Antimicrobial Activity of Pyrimidine-5-carboxylic Acid

Antimicrobial Activity of Pyrimidine-5-carboxylic Acid Antimicrobial activity of synthesized, novel hydroxamic acid of pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid and its complexes with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) metal ions Bhawani Shankar, Rashmi Tomar, Madhu Godhara, Vijay Kumar Sharma ABSTRACT Four metal complexes of new hydroxamic acid, 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) metal ions have been synthesized. The hydroxamic acid and its metal complexes were characterized by simple analytical techniques such as repeated melting point (M.P.) determination, elemental analysis, running their thin layer chromatography for single spot, and spectroscopic techniques such as I.R., H1-NMR and UV-Vis. (only for metal chelates) spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activity of the hydroxamic acid and their metal complexes were screened against two species of bacteria and two species of fungi by Serial Dilution Method. Metal complexes were found more active against both bacteria as well as fungi in antimicrobial screening test. Keywords Hydroxamic acids, antimicrobial activity, metal complexes INTRODUCTION Hydroxamic acids show a wide spectrum of biological activities and generally have low toxicities à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º1à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ -à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º2à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Hydroxamic acids are very well known for their antibacterial à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º3à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ -à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º5à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ , antifungal à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º6à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ -à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º7à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ , antitumor à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º8à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ -à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º9à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ , anticancer à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º10à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ , antituberculosis à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º11à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  and antimalerial à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º12à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  properties. Hydroxamic acids are inhibitors of enzymes such as prostaglandin H2 synthatase à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º13à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ , peroxidase à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º14à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ , urease à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º15à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  and matrix metalloproteinase à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º16à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Cinnamohydroxamic acids are used for treatment of the symptoms of asthma and other obstructive airway diseases which inhibit 5-lipoxygenase à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º17à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . A number of hyd roxamic acid analogues have been shown to inhibit DNA (dinucleic acid) synthesis by inactivating the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º18à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Naturally occurringhydroxamic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) is a powerfulantibiotic present inmaize à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º19à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Antiradical and antioxidant properties of hydroxamic acids have also been observed à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º20à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Hydroxamic acids play important role in many chemical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, analytical, and industrial fields à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º21à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ -à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º25à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . These diverse biological activities of hydroxamic acids are due to their complexing properties towards transition metal ions à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º26à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ -à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º27à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Siderophores are Fe(III) complexes of naturally occurring hydroxamic acids, involved in the processes of iron transport from the environment to the living organisms à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º28à ¯Ã ‚ Ã‚ -à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º29à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Hydroxamic acids after deprotonation acts as bidentate ligands and octahedral complexes are formed through the co-ordination of two oxygen atom of the –CONHO- group. This type of co-ordination have been studied with Cr(III), Fe(III), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) ions in solid state as well as in solutions, indicating the formation of octahedral complexes à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º30à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . We report herein the synthesis, structural features and antimicrobial activity of new hydroxamic acid, 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) as well as their metal complexes 4a-d with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) metal salts. EXPERIMENTAL Reagents and methods All chemical used in the present investigation were of analytical reagent grade. 1,3- Di-p-tolylbarbituric acid was synthesized by previously known method in the laboratory. Copper acetate monohydrate, nickle acetate tetrahydrate, cobalt acetate tetrahydrate and zinc acetate dihydrate were purchased from E-Merck. Triethyl amine and ethyl chloroformate were purchased from Spectrochem. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride potassium hydroxide and diethyl ether were obtained from S.D. fine chemicals limited, India. All the synthesized compounds were analysed for C, H and N by elemental analyser, model 1108 (EL-III). H1-NMR spectra (400MHz) were recorded on JNM ECX- 400P (Jeol, USA) spectrometer using TMS as an internal standard. IR absorption spectra were recorded in the 400-4000 cm-1 range on a Perkin-Elmer FT-IR spectrometer model 2000 using KBr pallets. UV-Vis. spectra of metal complexes were recorded in DMSO solvent at room temperature on Simadzu Spectro Photometer model no. 1601. Melting poi nts were determined using Buchi M-560 and are uncorrected. These reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC), on aluminium plates coated with silica gel 60 F254 (Merck). UV radiation and iodine were used as the visualizing agents. Synthesis of the hydroxamic acid 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) Synthesis of ligand 3 was carried out in two steps as follows: Step 1: Synthesis of ethyl 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (2). Ethyl 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (2) was synthesized by the reported method of Kuhne et al à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º31à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . 1,3- Di-p-tolylbarbituric acid à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º5g, 0.016 mol.à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  and triethyl amine à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º2.30ml, 0.0168 mol.à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  and dimethyl aminopyridine (DMAP) à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º0.10gà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  were dissolved in 20 ml of dichloromethane (DCM) and the solution was cooled to 00 C. Then ethyl chloroformate à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º1.60ml, 0.0165 mol.à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  was added drop-wise over half an hour. The mixture was subsequently stirred for 12 hours at 00C, then, allowed to warm to the room temperature for 7 hours. The product is extracted in chloroform and dried over Na2SO4. Further, chloroform was evaporated to dryness and crude product was recrystallised from ethyl alcohol to yield pure 2. Step 2: 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) from ethyl 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (2). Synthesis of 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) was carried out by adopting a method similar to that described by Griffith et al à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º32à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . The mixture of hydroxylamine hydrochloride à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º1.87g, 0.026 mol. à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  and aqueous potassium hydroxide à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º2.19g, 0.039 mol. à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  was added drop-wise to a methanolic solution of ethyl 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (2) à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º5g, 0.013 mol. à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . The solution was stirred at room temperature for 72 hours and then acidified to pH 5.5 using 5% HCl solution. After filtration the solvent was removed in vacuo to yield a solid. The crude product was recrystallised from hot water to yield pure compound 3. Synthesis of metal complexes Synthesis of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes of 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3). Copper acetate monohydrate à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º0.136g, 0.00068 mol.à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  in cold water was added with stirring to 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º0.50 g, 0.00136 mol.à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  in EtOH (20 ml) in a round bottom flask. The contents were stirred for about 6 hours and then reduce to half volume under vacuo. Yellowish brown precipitate of 4a was appeared after adding petroleum ether. The precipitate was filtered, washed with small amounts of Et2O and dried over CaCl2 in a vacuum desiccator. Similarly, complexes 4b of Ni(II) , 4c of Co(II) and 4d of Zn(II) with 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) were synthesized by taking nickle acetate tetrahydrate, cobalt acetate tetrahydrate and zinc acetate dihydrate respectively. Infrared Spectra In the IR spectra (Table 1), carbonyl stretching vibrations of hydoxamic acid exhibit a medium sharp intensity band in the region 1660 cm-1 à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º33à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . This band has shifted towards negative region 1626-1609 cm-1 in the metal complexes indicating the coordination of the ligand with the metal ion through oxygen of the carbonyl group. The symmetric N-O stretching vibrations, obtained in the region 1120 cm-1 in the IR spectra of ligands, have shifted to lower side in the IR spectra of their metal complexes suggesting the coordination of ligand to the metal ion through oxygen of the N-O moiety à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º34à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . The presence of water molecules within coordination sphere of all chelates were supported by broad bands in the region 3450-3280 cm-1 and 850-800 cm-1 due to stretching and deformation modes of coordinated water molecules, respectively. The appearance of new band in the IR spectra of metal chelates in the region 551-519 cm-1 is probable due to forma tion of M-O bonds à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º35à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Table 1. IR spectral data of hydroxamic acid 3 and its metal complexes 4a-d. Compound à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®(C=O)cm-1 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®(C-N) cm-1 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®(N-O) cm-1 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ®(M-O) cm-1 3 1660 1349 1120 4a 1609 1327 1036 551 4b 1624 1355 1023 519 4c 1626 1384 1023 540 4d 1629 1350 1025 541 H1-NMR Spectra The hydroxamic acid 3 shows a one proton singlet at 1.14 due to –NH-O proton, probably due to magnetic anisotropy of the neighboring carbonyl group, electronegativity of nitrogen and H- bonding à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º36à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . One proton singlet in hydroxamic acid 3 appear at 2.49 due to –N-OH proton à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º37à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Due to proton exchange in D2O this signal disappeared in the spectra indicating the possibility of –OH proton. Six protons multiplet for two Ar–CH3 group protons of hydroxamic acid 3 appear at 2.01 – 2.09. The hydroxamic acids 3 show a one proton singlet due to –C5H proton at 5.26. A multiplet due to eight protons of aromatic rings, Ar-H was observed at 7.17 7.20. H1-NMR of metal complexes 4a-d was not taken due to very less solubility in suitable organic solvents. UV- vis. Spectra Cu(II) complex In the electronic spectra of Cu(II) complex, 4a, three absorption bands in the region. 13157, 16949 and 23809 cm-1 have been observed, which correspond to the transitions 2B1g → 2A1g, 2B1g → 2B2g and 2B1g → 2E1g suggesting distorted octahedral geometry à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º38à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ -à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º40à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Ni(II) complex The electronic spectra of Ni(II) complex, 4b, exhibit three bonds in the region 13333, 16129 and 20833 corresponding to the transitions 3A2g → 2T2g(F), 3A2g → 3T1g(F), 3A2g → 3T1g(P) respectively which show an octahedral geometry for these complexes à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º41à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ -à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º42à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Co(II) complex In the electronic spectra of Co(II) complex, 4c three absorption bands in the region 12903, 14925 and 20200 cm-1 were seen, which may correspond to the transition 4T1g→ 4T2g(F), 4T1g ­ → 4A2g (F) and 4T1g → 4T1g(P), respectively, indicating an octahedral geometry à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º43à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ -à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º44à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Zn (II) Complex No significant absorption was noticed in Zn(II) complex, 4d, above 400nm probably due to diamagnetic nature and completely filled d- orbitals. In the Zn(II) complex only transitions due to à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ °* and nà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ °* were seen. Antimicrobial activity Synthesized ligand 3 and metal chelates 4a-d were tested for their antimicrobial activity against two bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and two fungi Aspregillus flavus and Aspergillus niger by adopting Serial Dilution Method à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º45à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ -à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º46à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ .. The micro-organisms were cultured in nutrient agar medium à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º46à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  which was prepared by taking 6.0 gm peptone, 1.50 gm beef extract, 1.0 gm dextrose, 3.0 g yeast extract, 1.50 g agar (for slant) in 1 liter distilled water for bacteria and 10.0g peptone, 20.0g dextrose, 20.50g agar (for slant) in 1 liter distilled water for fungi. Measured quantities of the test compounds were dissolved in propylene glycol. First set was prepared for primary screening by taking 1ml (2000 µg/ml) of seeded broth (obtained by 1:100 dilution of the incubated micro-organism broth culture) in 10 well cleaned sterilized test tubes and gradual dilution process was continued for all the ten tubes using a fresh pipette each time. All the above sets of tubes were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours for bacteria and at 28oC for 96 hours for fungi. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were determined at the end of incubation period. Active synthesized compounds, found in the primary screening were further tested for secondary screening by taking 1ml (1500 µg/ml) of seeded broth against all microorganisms. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this present work synthesis of 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid hydroxamide (3) was carried out by adding an aqueous solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and potassium hydroxide drop-wise to a methanolic solution of ethyl 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-di-p-tolyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (2). The solution was continuously stirred for 72 hours at room temperature, which on acidification give crude solid. (Scheme I). Compound 3 on stirring with different metal salts, gave corresponding metal complexes 4a-d (Scheme II). All the metal complexes obtained were solid and stable at room temperature and insoluble in most of the common organic solvents. The spectroscopic and analytical data (Table 2) are in good agreement with theoretical values for the ligand and metal complexes. Table 2. Analytical data and physical properties of the hydroxamic acid 3 and metal complexes 4a-d. S.No. Compd Molecular Formula Color Percentage Elemental Analysis Calc./ (Found) M.P. /D.T. (oC) Yield (%) C H N 1 3 C19H17N3O5 Dark Pink 62.12 (61.90) 4.63 (4.52) 11.44 (11.28) 1560C 85% 2 4a à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºCu(C19H16N3O5)2.2H20à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  Yellowish Brown 54.87 (53.27) 4.33 (4.30) 10.10 (9.90) 2480C 71% 3 4b à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºNi(C19H16N3O5)2.2H20à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  Light Pink 55.22 (54.70) 4.39 (4.25) 10.13 (10.10) 2700C 70% 4 4c à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºCo(C19H16N3O5)2.2H20à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  Pink 55.20 (54.70) 4.35 (4.25) 10.16 (10.20) 3220C 75% 5 4d à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºZn(C19H16N3O5)2.2H20à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  Brown 54.67 (53.80) 4.32 (4.30) 10.07 (9.89) 3100C 70% Antimicrobial Activity The newly synthesized hydroxamic acid 3 and its metal chelates 4a-d were tested for their antimicrobial activity against two bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli and two fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. The experimental results of MIC values (Table 3) show moderate activity of all the compounds against both bacteria and fungi. Further, it has been found that the metal complexes were more active than hydroxamic acid. This increased antimicrobial activity of the complexes as compared to the hydroxamic acid is probably due to the fact that chelation increases the lipophilicity of the complexes, which subsequently enhances the penetration through the lipid layer of cell membrane and restricts further multiplicity of the microorganism à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º46à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ . Among the metal complexes, Cu (II) complex 4a was found most active against both bacteria and fungi. The higher antimicrobial activity of Cu (II) complex may be due to higher stability constant of copper complexes. Table 3. The minimum inhibitory concentration ( µg/ml) MIC values of hydroxamic acid 3 and their metal complexes 4a-d. S.No. Compound Bacteria Fungi Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Aspergillus niger Aspergillus flavus 1 3 325 325 250 325 2 4a 125 125 250 250 3 4b 325 500 500 325 4 4c 500 250 250 325 5 4d 500 250 250 250 CONCLUSION Four new metal chelates, 4a-d with ligand 3 have been synthesized and characterized. Octahedral geometries were proposed for the prepared metal complexes. All the synthesized hydoxamic acids and their metal chelates were screened for antimicrobial activity. A comparative study of the MIC values of the ligand and its complexes show that complexes exhibit higher antimicrobial activity than free ligand. Among the metal complexes, Cu (II) complex 4a was found most active against both bacteria and fungi. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT One of the authors Ms. Rashmi Tomar is grateful to UGC, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, for providing fellowship. REFERENCES à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º1à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  AE Fazary; MM Khalil; AFahmy; TA Tantawy, Medical Journal of Islamic Academy of Science, 2001, 14(3), 109-116. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º2à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  D Kumar; R Tomar, J. Inst. Chem. Ind., 2010, 82(1), 21-25. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º3à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  H Jahangirian; J Harson; S Silong; NZ Yusof; K Shameli; S Eissazadeh; RR Moghaddam; B Mahdavi; M Jafarzade, Journal of Medicinal plants Research, 2011 5(19) 4826-4831. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º4à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  H Agarwal; O P Agarwal; R Karnawat; IK Sharma; PS Verma, International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2010, I(3), 1293-1299. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º5à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  AO Aliyu; JN Wabueze, International J. of Physical Science, 2008, 2 (7), 167-172. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º6à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  S Sonika; S Neeraj, Der Chemica Sinica, 2013, 4(3), 108-119. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º7à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  MJ Miller, Chem. Rev., 1989, 89, 1563-1590. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º8à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  HL Elford; GL Wampler; BV Riet, Cancer Res. 1979,39, 844-851. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º9à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  Naqeebullah; F Yang; MC Kok; KM Lo; FR Nor; CO Theng, Molecules, 2013,18, 8696- 8711. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º10à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  D Pal; S Saha, Review article, J. Adv. Pharm. Tech. Res. 2012, 3(2) 92-99. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º11à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  CJ Marmion; T Murphy; JR Docherty; KB Nolan, Chem.. Commun., 2000, 1153-1154. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º12à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  D veale; J Carmichael; BM Cantwell; HL Elford; R Blackie; DJ Kerr; SB Kaye; AL Harris, Br. J. Cancer, 1988, 58(1) 70-72. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º13à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  PJ Loll; CT Sharkey; SJ O’connor; CM Dooley; E O’brien; M Devocelle; KB Nolan; BS Selinsky; DJ Fitzgerald, Molecular Pharmacology, 2001, 60(6), 1407-1413. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º14à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  SSC Tam, DHS Lee, EY Wang, DG Munroe; CY Lau, J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270 13948-13955. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º15à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  M Arnold; DA Brown; O Deeg; W Errington; W Haase; K Herlihy; TJ Kemp; H Nimir; R Wemer, Inorg. Chem., 1998, 37, 2920-2928. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º16à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  I Botos; L Scapozza; D Zhang; LA Liotta; EF Meyer, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996, 93, 2749-2754. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º17à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  JP Demers; VM William, U.S. Patent Appl. pat. No. 4,820,828, 1989. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º18à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  IK Larsen; BM Sjberg; L Thelander, Eur. J. Biochem., 1982,125, 75. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º19à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  HM Niemeyer, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2009, 57, 1677-1696. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º20à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  MZ Koncic; M Barbaric; V Perkovic; B Zorc, Molecules, 2011, 16(8), 6232-6242. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º21à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  G Borland; G Murphy; A Ager, J. Bio-Chem, 1999, 274, 2810-2815. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º23à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  KM Bttomley; WH Johnson; DS Waltor, J. Enzy. Inhibition, 1998, 13(2), 79-101. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º23à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  KW Vogel; DG Druckhammer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 3275-3283. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º24à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  KK Ghosh; P Tamrakar Indian J. Chem,. 2001, 40(A), 524-527. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º25à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  BA Holmen; MI Tejedor; WH Casey, Langmuir, 1997, 13, 2197-2206. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º26à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  KN Raymond, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1990, 105, 135-153. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º27à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  AL Crumbliss, Handbook of Microbial Iron Chelate; Ed. G. Winkelmann, CRC Press, New York, 1991 à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º28à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  AMA Gary; AL Crumbliss, Metal Ions in Biological Systems; Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998, 35, 239–327. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º29à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  JB Neilands, J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 26723-26726. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º30à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  MC Fernandes; EB Paniago; S Carvalho, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 1997, 8(5), 537-548. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º31à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  M Kuhne, JJ Gallay, U.S. Patent Appl. No.4,670,441, 1987. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º32à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  D Griffith; K Lyssenko; P Jensen; PE Kruger; CJ Marmion, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2005, 956-961. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º33à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  F Mathis, Bull. Soc. Chem., 1953, D9-D22 à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º34à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  S Pinchas; I Lavtichat, Infra red spectra of Labelled compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1971. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º35à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  FF Bentley; LD Somothsen; AL Rojek, Infra red spectra and characteristic Frequencies 700-300 cm-1, Inter science Publisher, London, 1968. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º36à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  AO Aliyu; Current Res. Chem., 2010, (2) 2, 39-42. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º37à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  S Mikhaylinchenko, Eur. J. Chem., 2010, 1(4), 302-306. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º38à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  RL Carlin; Trans. Met. Chem., 1968, 4, 199-211. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º39à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  GC Saxena; VS Srivastava, J. Ind. Chem. Soc., 1987, 64, 633-636. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º40à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  ABP Lever; E Mantovani. Inorg. Chem., 1971, 10, 817-826. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º41à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  RL Carlin, Trans. Met. Chem., 1968, 4, 211. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º42à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  RK Patel; RN Patel, J. Ind. Chem. Soc., 1990, 67, 238. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º43à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  R Poppalardo, Phill. Mag., 1959, 4, 219. [44]ABP Lever. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, Elsevier, Amsterdam , 1968. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º45à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  KI Burden, Introduction to microbiology, Mc Millan, New York, 1968. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º46à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  RC Sharma; PP Giri; D Kumar; Neelam, J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2012, 4(4), 1969-1973.

Essay --

As the tears runs slowly down my mother’s eyes. She held her cold lifeless baby boy into her arms. Pressing him into her chest as if that would bring life back to her only son. That son she had dreamed of for so long is now without life. With her baby clenched on her chest, the pain of birth rushed through her bones she dropped the lifeless baby on the bed and looked back at me. With her hand clamped, in an angry, defensive and agonized voice she trembled these words out to me â€Å"you have to do something for you are the cause of his death†. Me as a little girl busted out the door with teary eyes. Upset of being accused of something I haven’t done. I was thinking if I had the power to change the pain my mother was experiencing I would have. From that point I had the desire of becoming a pediatrician. For in my mind if I was a doctor I could have healed my brother, and my mother would not have to witness that kind of pain. Even though entering in the biology fi eld had been probably â€Å"forced† into existence I do not feel passionately about nothing then the science field. With the classes I have taken and the knowledge I have gain in that perspective there is no going back. With this experience and many others I had throughout my life, are the backbone of me pursuing my dream of becoming a pediatrician. The opportunity of becoming a McNair fellow will help me developed skills needed to accomplish my goal. My goal in life is to be a pediatrician. My major motivation for choosing this medical route is not only based on my brother’s death incidence. I have always been fascinated with the living systems. I remember when I was taking biology in high school how fascinated the human body and cell communications were to me. The more Biology... ...re is I will accomplish something significant in life and that will make my parent proud of me for being the first in the family to obtain such a prestigious level in life. With experience obtain I will have the capability to go back to Haiti to educate upcoming doctors. I will be able to open the first research lab, which will provide students interested in pursuing a major in the science field the opportunity to experience biology hands on. A PhD will offer me with the opportunity to give society the same opportunity that McNair program will be providing to me. The major contribution I would love to accomplish is to go to third world countries to educate people on how to protect themselves from many diseases that could have been prevented by simple procedure. For example the cholera it is deadly but with the right kind of tools and procedure it can be prevented.

If I Were a Millionaire

IF I WERE A MILLIONAIRE Everyone have dreams and every dream is different with each others. Some of them want to be a teacher, and some of them want to be an astronaut, but for me, I have in interesting and marvelous dream. My dream is to become a millionaire. I already have so many plans in my mind if the dreams become true. One of them is to start a recording studio. I will hold an audition to those who want to be a singer in future. At the end of the audition, I will choose the best among them based on their talents to become one of my assets for my studio. Next step, I will hire the most trustable producer to create songs for my singer. In order to build my studio’s reputation, I will try to promote my studio to the people and the society by using the power of media. Such as, television, newspapers, radio, magazines and so on. Then I will launch the albums for my singer to get people interested and listen to my products. When the people interested to my studio, I will invite them especially any other recording company to join my business and co operate with them in order to make my business bigger and gain more profit. Other than that, I will also do some kind of charity towards other people who really need it. This is done purposely to help them reducing the burden in their lives. For example, recently, we had heard a lot of news regarding disaster that happen in many countries such as terrible flood, tsunami, earthquake and so on. These unlucky people lost their houses and properties. They suffered cold and sun heat everyday. How could we imagine that they will survive in this kind of situation? As for that, I will help and support them to continue their lives, such as providing them food, build a big hall in order to let them stay there temporary. Furthermore, I will also give scholarship to those who are in need including secondary and university students. I will support them until they have complete and success in their studies. I am willing to do so because I know the importance of education and I had been through this before. In order to achieve my dream, I am working hard and studying hard. I am also planning to start my business. Once I started my business, I will try all my best to make my dream come true.

Free Essays on Comedy Of Errors Critique

Critique : â€Å"The Comedy of Errors† On Saturday March 29, 2003 I saw a production of â€Å"The Comedy of Errors,† written by William Shakespeare, at The Hilberry Theatre. Overall, I enjoyed this play. By far it was the best of the three Wayne State University performances I experienced this semester. However, there were many scenes in the play that I found confusing. The day after the play, I read the script to gain a deeper understanding of some of these situations within the play. After seeing this production, I was pleased with certain aspects of the play and displeased with others First, the pre-play experience was very energetic. As the audience gathered I felt that there was a much more positive energy and enthusiasm for the production than there was at the two performances I saw at The Bonstelle Theatre earlier this semester. The seating was almost completely full and there also appeared to be more variety in age. Throughout the play, the inter audience rapport was positive. There were many points were the audience laughed and there were very few people sleeping during the show! My main criticism of play â€Å"The Comedy of Errors† is the writing of the script. The language style used was very complicated for me to comprehend. Especially in the very beginning of the play where I felt that the exposition was unclear. The introduction to the plot was very difficult to understand. The actor’s performances were of good quality but I didn’t really understand what they were saying which started me out in a state of confusion. It took reading the text to understand that the initial scenes were about the separation of a family and a the shipwrecked man Egeon (Mark Robson), a merchant of Syracuse, who was pleading for his freedom and relating his story before being put in jail. Furthermore, I feel that my confusion was due primarily Shakespearean writing. The playwright of this play, Shakespeare, is so foreign-sounding to ... Free Essays on Comedy Of Errors Critique Free Essays on Comedy Of Errors Critique Critique : â€Å"The Comedy of Errors† On Saturday March 29, 2003 I saw a production of â€Å"The Comedy of Errors,† written by William Shakespeare, at The Hilberry Theatre. Overall, I enjoyed this play. By far it was the best of the three Wayne State University performances I experienced this semester. However, there were many scenes in the play that I found confusing. The day after the play, I read the script to gain a deeper understanding of some of these situations within the play. After seeing this production, I was pleased with certain aspects of the play and displeased with others First, the pre-play experience was very energetic. As the audience gathered I felt that there was a much more positive energy and enthusiasm for the production than there was at the two performances I saw at The Bonstelle Theatre earlier this semester. The seating was almost completely full and there also appeared to be more variety in age. Throughout the play, the inter audience rapport was positive. There were many points were the audience laughed and there were very few people sleeping during the show! My main criticism of play â€Å"The Comedy of Errors† is the writing of the script. The language style used was very complicated for me to comprehend. Especially in the very beginning of the play where I felt that the exposition was unclear. The introduction to the plot was very difficult to understand. The actor’s performances were of good quality but I didn’t really understand what they were saying which started me out in a state of confusion. It took reading the text to understand that the initial scenes were about the separation of a family and a the shipwrecked man Egeon (Mark Robson), a merchant of Syracuse, who was pleading for his freedom and relating his story before being put in jail. Furthermore, I feel that my confusion was due primarily Shakespearean writing. The playwright of this play, Shakespeare, is so foreign-sounding to ...

GENERAL WILLIAM H. TUNNER AND THE BERLIN AIRLIFT essays

GENERAL WILLIAM H. TUNNER AND THE BERLIN AIRLIFT essays Lieutenant General William H. Tunner single-handedly revolutionized military transport operations of the United States Air Force. His spanned thirty years and included distinguished service in World War II and His greatest contribution to wartime military transport operations were in logistics and mission safety, as well as for his crucial role in re- across enemy territory in Operation "Hump" in 1944. A native of Elizabeth, New Jersey, Tunner graduated from the United Military Academy in 1928, a commissioned second lieutenant, and then in the Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field in Texas. (1) He began as a the Ferrying Command, which grew to become the Air Transport Command under leadership, and later expanded to incorporate naval transport operations as While General Tunner distinguished himself during wartime, he is as remembered for directing a peacetime operation to supply the civilian Berlinthen the world's fifth largest city of 2.5 million inhabitantscompletely by air during the Berlin Airlift of 1948 as for his heroism in battle.(3) At the close of World War II in Europe in the Spring of 1945, Germany jointly occupied by the United States, Britain and France in alliance with forces, administrated by a four-member coalition as an interim government 1. Lieutenant William H. Tunner: A Brief Biography (1997) 2. USAF Museum On-line. (1998) General William H. Tunner. 3. Lieutenant William H. Tunner: A Brief Biography (1997) post-war reconstruction of Germany. Tensions between the three Western and the Soviets arose as a function of emerging differences in their for post-war Germany, culminating in 1948, when Stalin completely cut off and electricity to Berlin, claiming they were due to technical problems. June 24th, Soviet forces cut off all Western access to the city of Berlin, heart of the Sov...

Color of my personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Color of my personality - Essay Example In recent times, psychologists have pointed out that hereditary factors being more central specifically for personality traits like emotional tones. Nevertheless, acquisition of values, beliefs and expectations seem more ascribed due to the socialization process and early childhood experiences. The green persona is straightforward and does things right for a fast time. They like a neat surrounding, therefore, keep everything in order. They are the most creative and rely heavily on their intuitions. They spend most of their time articulating and discovering new ideas thus embrace the brainstorming sessions since it involves coming up with new ideas. Moreover, the mental impediments that deter other personality colors do not restrict them. Consequently, the combination of their creative nature and absence of mental deterrents prompts the establishment of opportunities and solutions that meets needs of every participant. They are agents of change in the society though they seek it in a more peaceful environment unlike the yellows that are not collaborative. The greens are proponents of growth and prosperity (DiTullio,

How Can Piagetian Theory be used to facilitate teaching activities in Term Paper

How Can Piagetian Theory be used to facilitate teaching activities in learning centers - Term Paper Example He emphasized the use of questioning that lead children to think philosophically and designed tasks that call upon high-level cognition; problem solving, reasoning, and understanding of complex concepts (Siegler & Ellis, 1996). To Piaget, children’s cognitive behaviour is intrinsically rather than extrinsically motivated. Even if it is a fact that social interactions and other reinforcements influence how a child thinks, Piaget maintains that children learn and think naturally because they are designed and have been evolved to do so. He came up with the Stages of Cognitive Development because he believed that intellectual development is influenced by both maturation and experience. â€Å"Cognitive development is indicated by a growing ability to plan, to employ strategies for remembering and to seek solutions to problems† (Brewer, 2001: 26). Piaget describes that cognitive development of children progress in stages. The initial stage is the Sensorimotor Stage of babies and toddlers. This period is characterized by interactions with the environment based on the child’s reception of sensory input and muscular reactions. The task of this period is to develop the concept of object permanence, the idea that objects exist even when they cannot be seen or heard. (Brewer, 2001). The Preoperational Period (two to seven years) marks the time when a child becomes able to represent objects and knowledge through imitation, symbolic play, drawing, mental images and spoken language. Lack of conservation skills is also characteristic of this stage. â€Å"Conservation is defined as the knowledge that the number, mass, area, length, weight, and volume of objects are not changed by physically rearranging the objects.† (Brewer, 2001: 46) The ages of seven to eleven or twelve years falls under the Concrete Operational Period. Children at this age begin to think more operationally. Piaget and Inhelder (1969) described the operational thinker as one who em ploys â€Å"identity or reversibility by inversion or reciprocity† (99) in solving problems. They have moved on from being egocentric and consider that others may come to conclusions that differ from theirs. 2. Adult’s role in child development Piaget is a proponent of Consructivist philosophy in education. This philosophy premises on the belief that learners â€Å"construct† their own learning, and in effect, have better retention of it. â€Å"In the Constructivist theory the emphasis is placed on the learner or the student rather than the teacher or the instructor.   It is the learner who interacts with objects and events and thereby gains an understanding of the features held by such objects or events.   The learner, therefore, constructs his/her own conceptualizations and solutions to problems.   Learner autonomy and initiative is accepted and encouraged.† (Van Ryneveld, n.d., n.p.). Adults who adhere to Piagetian theories give the students more power in the acquisition of learning. Using prior knowledge, children are encouraged to invent their own solutions and try out their own ideas and hypotheses with the able support of their teachers. This way, they can indulge in concrete experiences that focus on their interests. The process of searching for information, analysing data and reaching conclusions is considered more important than learning facts. Teachers come up with several strategies in capturing their students’ attention, and courses are offered in helping educators become more efficient in imparting